Accounting - 2790 Words

—Conceptual 21.Which of the following is not considered cash for financial reporting purposes? a.Petty cash funds and change funds b.Money orders, certified checks, and personal checks c.Coin, currency, and available funds d.Postdated checks and I.O.U. s 22.Which of the following is considered cash? a.Certificates of deposit (CDs) b.Money market checking accounts c.Money market savings certificates d.Postdated checks 23.Travel advances should be reported as a.supplies. b.cash because they represent the equivalent of money. c.investments. d.none of these. 24.Which of the following items should not be included in the Cash caption on the balance sheet? a.Coins and currency in the cash register b.Checks from other†¦show more content†¦a.Charging bad debts with a percentage of sales under the allowance method. b.Charging bad debts with an amount derived from a percentage of accounts receivable under the allowance method. c.Charging bad debts with an amount derived from aging accounts receivable under the allowance method. d.Charging bad debts as accounts are written off as uncollectible. 36.Which of the following methods of determining annual bad debt expense best achieves the matching concept? a.Percentage of sales b.Percentage of ending accounts receivable c.Percentage of average accounts receivable d.Direct write-off 37.Which of the following is a generally accepted method of determining the amount of the adjustment to bad debt expense? a.A percentage of sales adjusted for the balance in the allowance b.A percentage of sales not adjusted for the balance in the allowance c.A percentage of accounts receivable not adjusted for the balance in the allowance d.An amount derived from aging accounts receivable and not adjusted for the balance in the allowance 38.The advantage of relating a company s bad debt expense to its outstanding accounts receivable is that this approach a.gives a reasonably correct statement of receivables in the balance sheet. b.best relates bad debt expense to the period of sale. c.is the only generally accepted method for valuing accounts receivable. d.makes estimates of uncollectible accounts unnecessary. 39.At the beginning of 2006, FinneyShow MoreRelatedAccounting1024 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1:   * Proficient-level:   * There are several important functions performed in an organization, among which accounting is one of them. 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Compare And Contrast Marcus Aurelius And Benjamin Franklin

Marcus Aurelius and Benjamin Franklin are two men who during their time were dedicated to improving themselves. Though these two men lived in different time periods under different circumstances, it can be seen that they both endeavored to cultivate virtues within themselves. Additionally, the pair shared many virtues as well as the belief that everything one does should be virtuous and one should always use their reason. Along with the knowledge that no one is perfect and one can never actually achieve perfection. All in all, they both offer a set of virtues that they lived by to try and better themselves in order to live happier lives and what sets them apart is the way they implemented their virtues. Marcus Aurelius was a Roman†¦show more content†¦His method for implementing these virtues is by continuously subjecting himself to a mental interrogation where he asks himself what he is doing with his life, in order to know what kind of person he is becoming inside. Overall , Aurelius uses his journal to reflect as well as, giving himself a list of characteristics that he wants to live up to. Benjamin Franklin a founding father, inventor, and author among many other things wrote an autobiography for his son to give an account of his intriguing life. In his autobiography, Franklin made a list of thirteen virtues for his son and others to live by with the purpose of helping them to become a better person and to live a happier life. This list was in a particular order causing him to be mindful of his thoughts and emotions and create careful deliberation before each of his decisions. It should be noted, that he did not attempt to master each virtue at once, but rather, master one in the span of a week and move on to the next. It is through his virtues that he focused on self-development, he was able to laugh at himself and accept the fact that he would never be perfect, because, no one is. His method for implementing his virtues consisted of a daily routin e of asking â€Å"what good will I do today† along with â€Å"what good have I done today.† As a result, he made a

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Lean Six Sigma Example For Students

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Lean Six Sigma While concerns seek for ways to last and besides to stay competitory in a altering planetary environment, they either choose following concern excellence theoretical accounts or uninterrupted betterment doctrines to steer them in the journey of organizational excellence. Thin Six Sigma is a new comprehensiveness in the country of uninterrupted betterment, which constitutes strengths and cardinal focal points of Lean and Six Sigma approaches.The intent of this paperaˆÂ ¦.. Will be addressed in this paper. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: subdivision 2 provides an penetration on the constructs Lean, Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma. Then relevant illustrations of Lean Six Sigma in fabrication and service sector will be presented in subdivision 3.The advantages and disadvantages of Lean Six Sigma will be discussed in subdivision 4. Last, an overall review on the topic is done. Outline1 2.Literature reappraisal2 2.1 Thin Approach3 Principles4 Criticism5 2.2 Six Sigma Approach6 Principles7 Criticism8 2.3 Similarities and Differences between Lean and Six Sigma: The point of intersection -overlapping countries ( kume AYekli )9 The intersection point: Similarities-The country of convergence10 Thin Six Sigma11 Principles12 Criticism13 3. Findingss14 4. Discussion15 5. Decision 2.Literature reappraisal The aim of this subdivision is to supply an penetration of the Lean Six Sigma by briefly sketching the constructs behind Thin and Six Sigma, the two ingredients of this blend, along with their strengths and unfavorable judgments. 2.1 Thin Approach Thin fabrication, developed by Toyota Motor Corporation in 1950s, has been adopted and adapted by many companies ( Finch,2006 ) . It so extended into a construct of Lean believing that was introduced by Womack and Jones.The current province of Lean is called Lean endeavor that reaches beyond the store floor and encompasses assorted sections within the administration as a whole ( Papadopoulou and Ozbayrak,2005 ) . Dale ( 2007 ) defines Lean as a manner of thought, dwelling of a set of methods and runing rules to place and extinguish waste in concern procedures ( Dale,2007, p.565 ) . While for Ferguson ( 2007 ) Lean is a alteration that takes an administration from where it presently stands and travel to a coveted province. Briefly, the aim of Lean is to extinguish all types of unneeded waste by pull offing resources depending on clients demands and at the lowest possible costs ( Andersson et al. 2006 ) . In other words, making more with less ( Thomas,2009 ) . Principles There are 5 rules of Lean ; supplying right merchandise or service for the right monetary value and clip to client, designation of value watercourse, smooth flow of procedures, merely client s demand trigger the action and in conclusion continuously better to value watercourse in chase of flawlessness ( Dale,2007 ) . The first measure when implementing Lean is to place value-added and non-value added procedures ( Pepper and Spedding, 2009 ) by Value watercourse function ( VMS ) which is a qualitative analysis tool. Other tools and techniques from the Lean Toolkit such as Single Minute Exchange of Die, 5S, TPM etc. are used in order to accomplish above-named rules. Whereas, it should be noted that utilizing these tools and techniques merely, does non vouch a Lean administration ( Bendell,2006 ) . Criticism In the literature, there are many unfavorable judgment subjects on Lean where the most popular 1s are about its catholicity and societal facets. It has long been argued that Lean is non flexible ( Andersson et al.,2006 ) and non applicable to all environments but merely to high volume-low assortment ( HVLV ) operations. Writers like Arnheiter and Maleyeff ( 2005 ) specify this position as one of the cardinal misconceptions whereas Pepper and Spedding ( 2010 ) refer it as a limited success of Lean in their work. There is a common misconception caused by the misinterpretation of the construct that Thin means laying-off people ( Arnheiter and Maleyeff,2005 ) . However, Flinchbaugh ( 2001 ) , Arnheiter and Maleyeff ( 2005 ) emphasis that Lean does non intend less people but utilizing people in a smarter manner. David Meier ( 2001 ) who is a Senior Lean Manufacturing Consultant, argues that Lean creates a nerve-racking, uncomfortable environment due to sense of urgency while guaranting an immediate response to clients. On the other manus, Papadopoulou and Ozbayrak ( 2005 ) , and Williams et Al. ( 1992 ) take the opposite position. 2.2 Six Sigma Approach Six Sigma, which is developed by Motorola and popularised after the acceptance of General Electric ( Finch,2006 ) aims at value creative activity and bettering the procedure through fluctuation decrease ( Dale et al,2007 ) .Six Sigma inherits rules from TQM ( Arnheiter and Maleyeff, 2005 ) while puting focal point on client satisfaction. In statistical footings, the end is to accomplish a defect rate of 3.4 per million ( Pepper and Spedding,2010 ) . This structured, top-down attack has a positive impact on concern in pecuniary footings since it reduces hazard and costs ( Slack et al. , 2006 ) particularly related with bit and rework. Due to realised benefits, many administrations have adopted Six Sigma today. Principles DMAIC ( Design, Measure, Analysis, Improve and Control ) is the most normally used 5-stage methodological analysis which is employed to accomplish minimal defects and to cut down the fluctuation throughout the procedures in an administration ( Bhuiyan and Baghel,2005 ) . The attack is on project footing and these undertakings are carried out by trained supervisors called Black belts and Green belts ( Bendell,2006 ) . Criticism Six Sigma has long been seen as a statistics-heavy, proficient attack to treat control ( Pepper, Spedding, 2009, p.145 ) . Bendell ( 2006 ) supports this position and criticises Six Sigma due to its inclination towards being a complex attack. The preparation of Black Belts and Green Belts is required in order to be able to utilize statistical tools and manage the undertakings efficaciously. Senapati ( 2004 ) references that these preparations and solutions to jobs can be dearly-won for many concerns. Bendell ( 2006 ) states that there is no formal nexus to policy deployment in Six Sigma. Since Six Sigma undertakings are chosen depending on their cost-effectiveness, it is possible for this cost-down attack dominates the primary client driven focal point. and may switch it to cost-down possible to be dominated by immediate cost down driver ( Bendell,2006 ) . Health And Insurance System EssayThe chief ground to implement LSS attack in Caterpillar Inc. was to derive competitory advantage by discovery betterments. As a consequence of advanced merchandises, their grosss had grown by 80 per centum ( Byrne et al.2007 ) . Another noteworthy illustration would be Xerox Corp. , which was holding jobs with its long filing clip for patents so foremost of all the root causes of holds were identified. To extinguish these non-value added stairss, Xerox Lean Six Sigma squad carried out DMAIC, and came up with a solution which reduced the rhythm clip of 64 yearss and saved $ 400,000 in overall clip ( Xerox Corp. Brochure,2009 ) . National Grid, who is a client of GE Fleet Services in the UK listened to the voice of its clients and applied Lean Six Sigma to cut down the clip spent running ( publishing and pull offing ) order prompts ( Fraser and Fraser,2008 ) .This undertaking is an illustration of a well-applied Lean Six Sigma method in a service sector in footings of accomplishing expected consequences in a timely manner ( Fraser and Fraser,2008 ) . In the work of Kumar et Al. ( 2006 ) , the execution of LSS in a die casting maker is resulted in a important lessening in the figure of defects occurred in the concluding merchandise and an overall nest eggs of around $ 140 000 per twelvemonth. Apart from the success narratives, National Health Service Modernisation Agency ( MA ) in UK, is a well-known failure instance of LSS. In 2004, Six Sigma together with Lean implemented in NHS to better procedures and quality ( Proudlove and Moxham et al. , 2008 ) . Whereas, due to miss of well-designed procedures, deficiency of support and ill-defined nexus between concern scheme, it resulted in failure ( Montero,2010 ) . 4. Discussion In visible radiation of the findings and reappraisal of literature, the advantages and disadvantages of LSS will be discussed in this subdivision. It is believed that this integrated attack will convey better consequences when the structured and systematic attack of Six Sigma came together with the legerity of Lean with a focal point of client in the Centre ( Antony et al,2003 ) . Despite some positions reasoning its effectivity, in theory, by incorporating the best of Lean and Six Sigma, the result would be satisfactory or even delicious both from the administration s and the client s point of position that creates a win-win state of affairs. Harmonizing to Arnheiter and Maleyeff ( 2005 ) , if Thin houses adopt Six Sigma rules, costs incurred by faulty merchandises such as rework or bit costs and the related operating expense costs can be reduced. Likewise, when Six Sigma companies adopt Thin rules, faster lead times and bringings can be achieved. Antony et Al. ( 2003 ) outlines four major benefits of implementing LSS as ; going faster and more antiphonal to clients, endeavoring for Six Sigma capableness degree, runing at lowest costs of hapless quality, accomplishing greater flexibleness throughout the concern ( Antony et al.,2003, p.41 ) . Companies that have successfully implemented Lean Six Sigma have gained considerable benefits in footings of increased stockholder value and market portion. Based on the illustrations of several companies given in the Findings subdivision, these benefits are provided in dollars. On the other manus, a recent Bain A ; Co.survey of 184 companies, shows that 80 per centum is dissatisfied with the consequences they got from their Liter attempts because they have non achieved their ends in both pecuniary footings and degree of betterment ( Neuhaus and Guarraia,2007 ) . Because it brought many advantages to prima houses, it does non connote that every effort will be success or that every house is ready for this enterprise. Basu ( 2001 ) outlines the trouble of prolonging a procedure betterment plan even it may be successful in the beginning. Therefore, this state of affairs causes employee layoffs and a lessening in employee morale ( Basu,2001 ) . Despite being a powerful engine for concerns, the necessity of high accomplishments to be able to utilize relevant tools and techniques is seen as one of the failings of LSS ( Montero,2010 ) . This factor is seen as a critical requirement for the successful execution of LSS. Though, the preparation and necessary investing can be dearly-won to some companies. Therefore, this state of affairs may restrict its pertinence. Unless a necessary alteration within the concern is done including cultural facets, mentality of employees together with the full committedness of top direction, the consequence will be a failure. 5. Decision Many concerns in assorted sectors have late started to follow LSS either as a consequence of an external force per unit area or due to unequal consequences achieved with their current methodological analysis applied ( internal demand ) . Benchmarking plays a important function in making a voguish environment in the market where companies follow the giants and seeking to follow the best pattern in order non to be obsolete . Although, this integrating is seen as a craze by some writers and practicians The construct was emerged as a response to market demand. This merge between enterprises Regardless of the uninterrupted betterment scheme that is chosen to follow, there is a common land that no positive consequences can be gained without an equal support, and attending across the concern. There are still some exposed countries of LSS for farther research or no 1 knows what is following.

Subway Franchising and China Essay Example

Subway: Franchising and China Paper Entering and operating In international markets use contemporary technology to mml mlse counterfeiting. Many flrms build biotech tags, electronic signatures or holograms into their products to differentiate them from fakes. Continuously update technologies and products. The firm that regularly renews Its technology can stay ahead of counterfeiters by offering products that counterfeiters cannot Imitate fast enough. Also differentiate products by emphasising a strong brand name. Customers usually prefer established brands that eature the latest technology. In the long run, the best way to cope with the consequences of Infringement Is to sustain competitiveness through Innovation and constant technological advances. Then, even when licensing violations occur, the firm is protected because the stolen proper rapidly becomes obsolete. Firms also lobby national governments and international organisations for stronger intellectual property laws and more vigilant enforcement, with limited success. Ultimately, when contractual strategies prove undesirable or Ineffective, focal firms may step up to the igher-control entry strategy of acquiring ownership, which accompanies FDI. Closing Case Subway and the challenges of franchising In China subway, the fast-food marketer of submarine sandwiches and salads, has over 32 000 stores in 90 countries and generates over US$12 billion in annual revenues. The franchisJng chain opened its first international restaurant in Bahrain in 1984. Since then, Subway (www. subway. com) has expanded worldwide, and generates about 20 per cent of Its annual revenues abroad. The firm e xpects foreign markets to contribute to much of its future growth. Subway is the third-largest US fast-food chain in China, after McDonalds and KFC. We will write a custom essay sample on Subway: Franchising and China specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Subway: Franchising and China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Subway: Franchising and China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fish and tuna salad sandwiches are the top sellers. By 2006 Subway had opened fewer than 40 stores in China. The franchise had Its share of Inltlal setbacks. Subways master franchisor In Bel]lng. Jim Bryant. lost money to a scheming partner and had to teach the franchising concept to a country that had never heard of it. until recently, there was no word in Chinese for franchise. Cultural problems remain an ongoing challenge. After Bryant opened his first Subway shop, customers stood outside and watched for a few days. When they finally tried to buy a sandwich, they were so confused that Bryant had to print signs explaining how to order. They didnt believe the tuna salad was made from fish because they could not see the head or tail. They didnt like the idea of touching their food , so they would gradually peel off the paper wrapping and eat the sandwich Iike a banana. To make matters worse, few customers liked sandwiches. But Subway-or Sai Bei Wei (Mandarin for tastes better than others)-is forging ahead. Bryant managed to recruit a few highly committed franchisees that he monitors closely to aintain quality. Bryant is now authorised to recruit local entrepreneurs, train them to become franchisees and act as a liaison between them and Subway headquarters. For this work, he receives half of their IJS$IO 000 initial fee and one-third of their 8 per cent royalty fees. Today, there are over 140 Subway stores in China. Other multinational franchisors still face significant challenges in China, particularly in dealing with the Chapter 16 Licensing, franchising and other contractual strategies 485 ambiguous legal environment, finding appropriate partners and identifying the most uitable marketing, financing and logistics strategies. Famous brands such as AW, Dunkin Donuts and Rainforest Cafe have all experienced these issues. Why China for franchising? On the surface, franchising in China is very attractive because of its huge market, long-term growth potential and dramatic rise in disposable income among its rapidly expanding urban population. The market for fast food is estimated at IJS$1 5 billion per year. Chinas urban population, the target market for casual dining, has expanded at a 5 per cent compound annual growth rate over the past several years, a trend expected to continue. Increasingly hectic lifestyles have led to an increase in meals the Chinese eat outside the home. Surveys reveal that Chinese consumers are interested in sampling nonchinese foods. Market researchers have identified several major benefits to franchising in China: law makers, entrepreneurs and consumers. Focal firms must educate government officials, potential franchisees and creditors on the basics of franchising, a process that consumes energy, time and money. A win-win proposition. Restaurants were one of the first industries the government opened to private ownership in the early 1980s. Franchising in China combines the Western know-how of franchisors with the local market knowledge of franchisees. Many Chinese have strong entrepreneurial instincts and are eager to launch their own businesses. Ambiguous legal environment. Franchisors need to examine closely Chinas legal system regarding contracts and intellectual property rights. The Chinese government introduced regulations permitting franchising in 1997. The legal system is evolving and is full of loopholes and ambiguities. Some critical elements are not covered . The situation has led to diverse interpretations of the legality of franchising in China. Franchisors must be vigilant about protecting trademarks. A local imitator can quickly dilute or damage a trademark a focal firm has built up through much expense and effort. Branding is important to franchising success, but consumers become confused if several similar brands are present. For instance, Starbucks fought a Shanghai coffee shop that had copied its logo and name. The fast-food hamburger chain Merry Holiday uses a yellow colour scheme and emphasises the letter M in its signage, similar to McDonalds. There have been reports about fake Burger King restaurants perating in China. Large franchisors such as KFC and Pizza Hut are struggling to root out counterfeiters. Escalating start-up costs. Ordinarily, entry through franchising is cost-effective. However, various challenges, combined with linguistic and cultural barriers, can increase the up-front investment and resource demands of new entrants in China and delay profitability. Given the shortage of restaurant equipment in China, the franchisor may have to invest in store equipment and lease it to the franchisee, at least until the franchisee can afford to buy it. Franchisors must be patient. McDonalds has been in China since the early 1990s and has devoted substantial resources to building its brand. But few firms have its resources. Minimal entry costs. Because much of the cost of launching a restaurant is borne by local entrepreneurs, franchising minimises the costs to franchisors of entering the market. Rapid expansion. By leveraging the resources of numerous local entrepreneurs, the franchisor can get set up quickly. Franchising is superior to other entry strategies for rapidly establishing many outlets throughout any new market. Brand consistency. Because franchisors are required to adhere strictly to company perating procedures and policies, brand consistency is easier to maintain. Circumvention of legal constraints. Franchising allows the focal firm to avoid trade barriers associated with exporting and FDI, common in China. Challenges of franchising in China Chinas market franchisors: also poses many challenges for Knowledge gap. Despite the likely pool of potential franchisees, realistically, few Chinese have significant knowledge about how to start and operate a business. There is still much confusion about franchising among Perhaps the biggest challenge of launching franchises in China is finding the right artners. It is paradoxical that entrepreneurs with the capital to start a restaurant often lack the business experience or entrepreneurial drive, while entrepreneurs with sufficient drive and expertise often lack the start-up capital. Subways franchise fee of IJS$IO 000 is equivalent to more than two years salary for the average Chinese. China lacks an adequate system of banks and other capital sources for small business, so entrepreneurs often borrow funds from family members and friends to launch business ventures. Fortunately, Chinese banks are increasingly open to franchising. The Bank of China established a comprehensive credit line of IJS$12 million for Kodak franchisees. Entering and operating in international markets Availability and financing of suitable real estate are major considerations as well, particularly for initial showcase stores where location is critical. According to real estate laws enacted in 1990, local and foreign investors are allowed to develop, use and administer real estate. But in many cases, the Chinese government owns real estate that is not available for individuals to purchase. Private property laws are underdeveloped and franchisees occasionally risk eviction. Fortunately, a growing number of malls and shopping centres are good locations for franchised restaurants. The Chinese authorities maintain restrictions on the repatriation of profits to the home country. Strict rules discourage repatriation of the initial investment, making this capital rather illiquid. To avoid this problem, firms make initial capital investments in stages to minimise the risk of not being able to withdraw overinvested funds. Fortunately, China is gradually relaxing its restrictions, and franchisors have been reinvesting their profits back into China to continue to fund the growth of their perations. Reinvesting profits also provides a natural hedge against exchange rate fluctuations. learning from the success of others Experience has shown that new entrants to China often benefit from establishing a presence in Hong Kong and then moving inland towards the southern provinces. Before it was absorbed by mainland China, Hong Kong was one of the worlds leading capitalist economies. It is an excellent pro-business location to gain experience for doing business in China. In other cases, franchisors have launched stores in smaller Chinese cities, gaining xperience there before expanding into more costly competitive urban environments such as Beijing and Shanghai. Adapting offerings to local tastes appears to be a prerequisite. Suppliers and business infrastructure in the country are often lacking. Franchisors spend much money to develop supplier and distribution networks. They may also need to build logistical infrastructure to move inputs from suppliers to individual stores. McDonalds has replicated its supply chain, b ringing its key suppliers, such as potato supplier Simplot, to China. There is no one best approach in China. For instance, TGI Fridays imports roughly three-quarters of its food supplies, which helps it to maintain quality. But heavy importing is expensive and exposes profitability to exchange rate fluctuations.

Essay on Code-switching an essential phenomenon of the bilingual worldEssay Writing Service

Essay on Code-switching an essential phenomenon of the bilingual worldEssay Writing Service Essay on Code-switching: an essential phenomenon of the bilingual world Essay on Code-switching: an essential phenomenon of the bilingual worldAn ability to switch codes as a way of transferring from one language to another during the conversation is considered not only a peculiarity of bilingualism, but also a method of enhancing abilities in solving different communicative tasks due to a high functional potential of this linguistic phenomenon. As a rule, the conscious process of intentional switching from one language to another is carried out with certain communicative purpose, such as emphasizing or concealing certain idea, expressing it in a more distinct way, making communication more emotional and natural or even showing one’s cultural and national features during the conversation. However, some people argue the fact that switching codes is a functional and important part of a conversation, saying that it rather shows one’s linguistic incapacity.The following research discusses the question of whether code-switching is simply a sign of language incompetence or rather a functional and useful component of the communicative process. It attempts to shed light on the purposes of code-switching to find out whether code-switching is indeed necessary and functional or whether this is simply a feature of bilingualism expressing one’s language incompetence. The research refers to a number of analysts and investigators to give evidence of certain points of view and support the main statement.Code-switching is a linguistic term that stands for an alternate use of two or more languages during a conversation or within the same utterance (Cunningham-Andersson Andersson, 1999). The problem of code-switching has been investigated for multiple years and has long become a part of a separate linguistic discipline. This is mainly connected with the fact that modern world experiences migration of nations, globalization and consequently, interconnection of languages and cultures. Thus, the phenomenon of code-switching is wide ly discussed in present days.Code-switching is considered to be a vital part of the bilingual world, in which people are used to unintentionally or intentionally switching from one language to another. It has become a norm for the societies, where people are used to using two or more languages or dialects and the process of code-switching in this case is a natural way of expressing one’s thoughts and ideas. It needs to be admitted that in this case, code-switching is not a sign of language incompetence, but rather a natural and inevitable linguistic capacity.Today, many researchers view code-switching simply as an essential ability of people to switch from one language or dialect to another during the process of communication. However, there are linguists who claim that code-switching is a direct sign of one’s language incapacity as will be discussed below. Thus, some people would say that if you live in a bilingual world, it is inevitable to use two or more languages or dialects within a single communicative process. Others claim that code-switching is clearly a sign of one’s lack of linguistic education and thus, something that should be avoided during a conversation. This question is to be discussed in detail.Wardhaugh (2006) identifies â€Å"code† as a separate system used during the communicative process between two or more people. Thus, it is a certain kind of dialect or language that one party occasionally chooses to use. Code-switching often stands for a combination of materials chosen from two or more languages and used in the same utterance or during the conversation. This phenomenon seems to be natural for those people who have grown in the bilingual environment and acquired competence in two or more languages or dialects. In this regard, code-switching cannot be perceived as one’s lack of language capacity. On the contrary, from this perspective, code-switching stands for one’s language competence as an abi lity to skillfully mix phrases or words from different languages during the conversation for different purposes that will be later discussed in this paper. Thus, the phenomenon of code-switching is natural and even essential for certain cultures and nations.From the perspective of bilingualism, code-switching can be defined as a production of discourse that represents a combination of two or even more varieties of the linguistic repertoire of a person, for whom bilingualism is an inseparable part of daily life (Myers-Scotton, 1995). As a proof of the statement that code-switching is not a sign of one’s language incapacity, it needs to be said that bilinguals are able to use two or more languages within one utterance without any interruption of the flow of speech and by doing so, they make the conversation more colorful and full of emotions (Saunders, 1988). This proves that code-switching serves as means of diversifying one’s speech, enriching the process of communicat ion and serving for a better understanding between the two parties. Thus, it should be viewed as a natural way of expressing one’s thoughts and ideas, especially in the bilingual world, where people are capable of using two or more languages or dialects and easily switch from one language to another.Nevertheless, certain scientists classify code-switching as a phenomenon of â€Å"interference†. The notion of â€Å"interference† is rather controversial being supported and disapproved at the same time. Thus, Weinreich (1953) identified interference as certain deviation from the approved norms of either language that can be observed in the speech of bilinguals who are familiar with more than one language or dialect. Some linguists disapprove this notion, while others speak in favor of it. For this reason, the notions of â€Å"interference† and â€Å"code-switching† are classified differently. It is all due to the uncertainty of researchers as for deci ding when the use of certain elements of one language cannot be called interference, but is more appropriate to be named code-switching (Auer, 1998). Code-switching is thus rejected as an example of interference due to the fact that the case of true interference is characterized by the assimilation of certain linguistic features. Code-switching takes place only when bilinguals add a totally unassimilated word or phrase from some other language into their speech, so that both languages still represent two independent entities with their own linguistic features, but belonging to the same discourse.Further investigation of code-switching requires discussing its major purposes that need to be paid special attention. Main purpose of code-switching lies in maintaining or eliminating social borders between two parties. In this regard, with the help of code-switching, it is possible to establish relationships between the representatives of different social spheres, professions or age. Code- switching is often used as a measure that prevents or mitigates some stressful situation in the process of communication between two parties. It is also often used in one’s speech in order to adapt to another person, encourage a person for action or attract his or her attention. In such a way, code-switching is used for different purposes and more often results in the successful conversation instead of causing misunderstanding between the two parties during a conversation, even though this might seem a natural outcome of its use.Code-switching is often used for the purpose of enriching or organizing one’s speech depending on the person’s communicative intentions (Adendorff, 1996). In this regard, code-switching is viewed as a communicative strategy aimed at filling a conceptual or linguistic gap in the speech of a person, thus enriching the conversation with phrases from a different language and compensating for the lack of appropriate expressions.Essay on Code- switching: an essential phenomenon of the bilingual world part 2

Get Help Filling out the FAFSA Application

Get Help Filling out the FAFSA Application Applying for a student loan from the U.S. Department of Education is free. The application, called the FAFSA, stands for Free Application for Federal Student Aid and may be found on the website  fafsa.gov. The FAFSA can be a complicated form to fill out, and there was once an online service called Student Financial Aid Services, Inc. which helped students complete the complicated form for a fee. This service is no longer available but there are other solutions out there. FAFSA Services Available There are services available to help you fill out your FAFSA, however, the governments FAFSA site warns students that they dont have to pay to apply for a student loan from the government. There are scams out there but there are also legitimate services that can make your life a whole lot easier. Some ways to get assistance include: Exploring the resources available directly from the fafsa.ed.gov websiteVisiting your colleges office of student financial assistance or calling your university directlyAsking for help from your high school guidance counselor or college prep teacherHiring a professional, certified college aid planner from the National Institute of Certified College Planners, or an organization such as  CollegeAidPlanning.com How FAFSA Helpers Aid Students When scholarship scams were more prevalent, it was believed that â€Å"any help that you pay for can be received free from your school or Federal Student Aid. People often objected to paying a professional to prepare the federal student aid application, despite the 137 questions being more complex than most income tax forms, which they were likely to hire a tax consultant for. Neither high schools,  colleges nor the federal student aid telephone help desk has enough trained experts available to assist all college-bound and college students with their financial aid needs. No service is free as the federal help desk and high school counselors are paid with your tax dollars. College financial aid administrator’s salaries are covered by students’ tuition and fees charged. College financial aid offices help their students answer aid application questions, but they don’t have enough trained people or hours in the day to prepare every student’s federal student aid application. The Complexity of Filling out the Form Many people find the federal student aid form to be complex or too time-consuming to do themselves. College-bound students are sometimes unable to turn to a college financial aid administrator for help because they are not members of a college yet. While high school counselors at public and private schools offer college prep guidance, the great majority have no financial aid training nor the time to help every college-bound student prepare their application. The federal student aid helpline will answer individual questions but not advise on an individual’s specific circumstances. Recently, the federal government offered one-on-one phone service to several states on a limited basis. The FAFSA helpline is not open 24/7, such as on weekends and nights, when parents are likely to prepare their children’s FAFSA. Guidance From Student Financial Aid Services Student Financial Aid Services is available at least seventeen hours a day during peak aid application filing times. There is no limit on how often a client calls or how many people from an individual family are spoken to. Fees are relatively modest, ranging from $80 to $100 for a year, and a 100% money back guarantee is offered within sixty days of purchase. Advisors are rigorously trained and catch mistakes that even the Department of Education’s computer misses–mistakes that can deprive students of aid. Their job is to accurately prepare an application and advise clients so they receive the most aid possible, and they currently hold a 99% client recommendation rating. No legitimate FAFSA preparer charges for submitting the form. Fees are for the advice and expertise. The student financial aid system is complicated, as there are nine federal, 605 state,  and about 8,000 college programs each with their own deadlines and rules. All of this information is tracked including policy decisions, rule changes, and more. Disclosures U.S. law does authorize paid FAFSA preparation and the only condition is that a paid FAFSA preparer posts in all of their marketing and on their website that their commercial business is not the Department of Education. The website www.fafsa.com is a domain name the company founder, a college admissions administrator, purchased before the Department of Education had a FAFSA website. For transparency, the following is to be noted: The home page displays in a clear and conspicuous manner a notice that â€Å"We are not affiliated with the Dept. of Education.†The home page also states clearly that FAFSA can be filed for free, can be completed via paper or electronic form, and that professional assistance is not a requirement. It also states that the free service is available at www.fafsa.ed.gov.In the center of the home page, it is stated prominently that the website is the oldest and largest student aid advisory service and there is a fee for the service.Visitors are informed about the free FAFSA option in seventeen other prominent places on the website, and in total, forty-seven links are provided to www.fafsa.ed.gov.On every single page of the website, a disclaimer is included that says the website is not the Department of Education or FAFSA on the web. A link is provided to www.fafsa.ed.gov.The website provides a simple and clear side-by-side comparison of services that differ from the Department of Ed ucation and explicitly notes that the website is a paid service, and also notes that people can prepare the form themselves and file it for free on the other site. Every caller is informed that there is a free FAFSA option and that the FAFSA can be completed without professional help.In the â€Å"About Us† section of the  website, it is clearly stated, â€Å"Student Financial Aid Services, Inc. is a fee-based preparation and advisory company† and the role is outlined.In all of the marketing communications and sales materials, information about the free FAFSA option is included.

Annotation assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annotation assignment - Essay Example Unconsciousness is characterized by the lack of awareness, for example, when one is asleep or is in a coma. Unconsciousness as Meltzer defines it is also never a thing nor is it a place; the word is an adjective in the sense that the unconscious individual is never aware of his or her actions (Meltzer, p 147). This is what brings in the complexity of the term, different individuals in different fields argue differently about the concept, some arguing that the term is a noun (meaning it is a thing) while others argue that it is an adjective, (meaning it is never a thing). In psychology, the unconscious falls in as an adjective, in that it is a state in which human beings are not aware of their actions. However even with this definition, controversy rises in the aspect that if one is not aware of his or her actions, then is this an ‘activity or is it a ‘place?’ Also the psychology definition brings another controversy; usually individuals define the term as an ‘it’ so is unconsciousness an ‘it or a ‘how.’ Freud defines the concept as an ‘it he defines it around different concepts such as desires, feelings and emotions usually held by individuals without their awareness. To some extent, this brings in the psychological definition ‘state in which an individual is not aware of his or her actions’ (Meltzer, p 148). Meltzer also attempts to define the term philosophically, in this he brings the idea that there are powers revolving around the term that are difficult to understand. But do these ‘dark powers’ really exist and if they do, do they really result in individuals committing unconscious actions? Meltzer in this section tries to show that unconscious in philosophy falls in a state where individuals perform certain actions as a result of dark forces. In religion, the term revolves around the knowable and the unknowable, however even with this religion holds to the fact that unconsciousness falls

E-commerce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E-commerce - Research Paper Example In Consumer-to-Business commerce, consumers publicize products or services and suppliers provide services to them (Magal, 2012). Finally, Consumer-to-Consumer commerce allows an individual to sell services or goods to other individuals over the internet. Levels of the internet economy comprise of internet infrastructure layer, application infrastructure layer, intermediary marker layer, as well as internet commerce layer, (Kamis, 2011). The internet infrastructure layer comprises of companies that offer services for creating an IP based network and a prerequisite for E-commerce. The internet application layer builds upon the internet infrastructure layer and makes technology viable to carry out business proceedings online. Internet intermediary layer increases the efficiency of E-markets through facilitating the interaction of sellers and buyers online (Magal, 2012). Finally, the internet commerce level includes the sales of goods over the internet through websites such as E-bay or Amazon among others. Also, internet economy has created various businesses such as website developers and Server manufactures in order to run businesses online (Kamis, 2011). Unlike the brick and mortar stores that require a wide variety of staff, e-commerce businesses do not need a bid staff (Kamis, 2011). Hence, the cost of running an e-commerce business is minimal. Also, brick and store businesses have to run only in a certain location, unlike e-commerce businesses. E-commerce businesses do not have to locate a location in order to run their business. They just need to have a website and everything follows. Even though, setting up a website requires funds, setting up a brick and mortar store requires more funds than an e-commerce

Oppression Remedy vs Derivative Action Essay Example for Free

Oppression Remedy vs Derivative Action Essay Many people from different corporations are engaged in many legal cases, mostly people uses their influence to win cases which leads to the minority being harmed in the process since they have no options of retaliating. For example, directors of corporation can engage in wrongdoing by taking some of the profits of the corporation for themselves. The corporation can therefore sue the directors like a normal person (Smyth et al. 628). The minorities that get harmed are the board members of minority shareholders. There are two remedies that minorities can use in protecting themselves from the power of the majority which include the Oppression Remedy and the Derivative Action. The two remedies that are used by the minorities are similar but defer slightly and therefore people need to understand when to use the different remedies. Oppression Remedy is used by shareholders in bringing actions against the companies that conduct unfair practices towards the shareholders. In cases of oppression remedy, the court is allowed to makes a judgment that is fair and suitable regarding the situation where that complainant has been oppressively and unfairly treated (Smyth et al. 629). The Derivative action is used by the shareholders in taking actions on behalf of the corporation against the top managements of the corporation. When a director of corporation has done any wrong such as violating duties that are fiduciary to the shareholders, the shareholders can take actions by suing the directors of the corporation (Smyth et al. 28). The oppression remedy are usually used when the minority have been frozen out or deadlocked. The oppression remedy is also used when the relationship between majority shareholder and minority shareholder has broken down. The shareholders that own shares in corporation are empowered by the oppression remedy to sue the corporations in cases where the corporations have oppressed and prejudiced unfairly the shareholders interests as stated by Goddard in the article â€Å"Canada: Ontario: The Relationship between the Oppression Remedy and Derivative Action. Minority have also been affected in the corporations that are run by the rules of the majority since the minorities have fewer contributions to the corporations’ business practices and direction. In this case, many corporations have been found be taken over by the majorities’ shareholder. The majorities also make the decisions of the companies leading to oppression of the minorities. Oppression remedies are used to bring justices in the case where the majorities hand over the company to their children leading to oppression to the minorities. The oppression remedy is widely used in places such as Canada (Ellyn 15). The real life cases that will be discussed in this paper include the case of Waxman et al. v. Waxman et al. Others cases that will be discussed include the cases of Alizadeh et al. v. Akhavan et al. , Deluce Holdings Inc. v. Air Canada, Knudstrup v. Superior Court, McRedmond v. Est. of Marianelli, Ford v. OMERS and Foss v Harbottle. Definition of terms of Oppression Remedy and Derivative Action Oppressive conducts are conducts that are committed by the majority to the minority shareholders that lead to the use of the oppression remedy. Court Ordered meetings as stated by the section 106(1) of the Ontario Business Corporations Act are meetings which the court orders to be held as the courts direct when the shareholders have been allowed to be part of the corporation meetings. In the derivative action, a complainant as defined by section 245 of the OBCA is a person such as the director, officer, registered holder who makes the application of bringing the action to court on behalf of the corporation (Ellyn 9). Good faith is a term that has not been defined in the statutes of the corporate law since cases are analyzed on terms of bad faith indications. Costs are defined according to the Canadian common law as the court power to award the legal expenses of the successful party that are paid by the losing party (Ellyn 11). In the oppression remedy, a complainant according to the section 245 of the OBCA is defined as a person who applies an action that has been conducted by the corporation to the court (Ellyn 15). Investigations are effective exercises that are conducted in case of the oppression to find out the relevant information of the case. It is provided by section 161(2) of the OBCA that investigations are ordered by the court when corporations have been engaged in unlawful business practices (Ellyn 22). Appraisal remedy is the shareholders’ appraisal right for the company to purchase the shares of the shareholder at a fair value under some circumstances like when the shareholder is holding 10% or less of the shares that are outstanding (Ellyn 24). Winding-up is courts order under the just and equitable doctrines to dissolute the corporation under certain circumstances of the oppression of the minority shareholders (Ellyn 25). Examples of Oppression Remedy v.  Derivative Action that have succeeded or failed One of the cases where the oppression remedy succeeded was the case of Waxman et al. v. Waxman et al. In this case the minority, Morris Waxman recovered around $50 million from the case after he was dismissed and excluded from the family business by the majorities his brother Chester Waxman and others (Ellyn 15). Another case in which the oppression remedy succeeded is the case of Deluce Holdings Inc. v. Air Canada. In this case, Deluce Holdings the minority shareholder was terminated as the CEO by the Air Canada who was the majority shareholder. The representatives of Air Canada wanted the postponement of the arbitration proceedings of the case but Justice Blair of the Ontario Superior Court ensured that the remedy action was preceded (Ellyn 21). The case in which the oppression remedy failed is the case of Alizadeh et al. v. Akhavan et al. In this case, the minority shareholder was awarded the oppression remedy since the judge of the Ontario Superior Court had restored the management fees payments without making conclusions of the oppression allegations merits (Ellyn 19). The case of the derivative action that has failed is the case of Knudstrup v. Superior Court. In this case, the minority shareholder was not granted the remedy since the case was brought on behalf of the defendant. One of the cases of the derivative action that succeeded is the case of McRedmond v. Est. of Marianelli. In this case the plaintiff was awarded the verdict. One of the cases of the derivative action that failed is the case of Ford v. OMERS. In this case, the supreme court of Canada rejected the motion to appeal (Koehnen 1). Lastly, the case of the oppression remedy that failed is the case of Foss v Harbottle as stated by Griggs in the article â€Å"He Statutory Derivative Action: Lessons That May Be Learnt from Its Past! Analysis of the Results of Aforementioned Examples In the case of Waxman et al. v. Waxman et al. the minority, Morris Waxman recovered around $50 million from the case after he was dismissed and excluded from the family business by the majorities his brother Chester Waxman and others. In this case, the verdict was fair since even though the minority was oppressed, he ended up being compensated for the oppression since he was awarded the oppression remedy (Ellyn 15). In the case of Deluce Holdings Inc. v. Air Canada, Deluce Holdings the minority shareholder was terminated as the CEO by the Air Canada who was the majority shareholder. The representatives of Air Canada wanted the postponement of the arbitration proceedings of the case but Justice Blair of the Ontario Superior Court ensured that the remedy action was preceded. In this case, the verdict was also fair and just to the minority due to the fact the minority was awarded the oppression remedy after being oppressed by the majority Air Canada (Ellyn 21). In the case that the oppression remedy failed which is the case of Alizadeh et al. v. Akhavan et al. the minority shareholder was awarded the oppression remedy. The judge of the Ontario Superior Court had restored the management fees payments without making conclusions of the oppression allegations merits (Ellyn 19). The case of the derivative action that has failed is the case of Knudstrup v. Superior Court. In this case, the minority shareholder was not granted the remedy since the case was brought on behalf of the defendant. One of the cases of the derivative action that succeeded is the case of McRedmond v. Est. of Marianelli. In this case the plaintiff was awarded the verdict. Another case relating to derivative action that failed is the case of Ford v.  Omers. In this case, the supreme court of Canada rejected the motion to appeal (Koehnen 1). Lastly, the case of the oppression remedy that failed is the case of Foss v Harbottle as stated by Griggs in the article â€Å"He Statutory Derivative Action: Lessons That May Be Learnt from Its Past! † Preference of Oppressive Remedy Oppressive remedy intends to correct the anomaly that occurs when minority shareholders are unable to exercise control of a corporation due to nature of these organizations to adopt decisions based on majority shareholder. It allows the minority shareholders to undertake legal action against the company to correct discriminatory practices (Ellyn 15). The minority shareholders must provide evidence to the court presiding over the arbitration that injustice has been done on them through, discrimination, unfair treatment or isolation from decisions of running the corporation (Smyth et al 629). The court exercise great authority on the matter of oppressive remedy at it own discretion once there is evidence that oppression occurred to the minority party as provided by acts specified in oppressive remedy law. The court also allows and presides over oppressive conduct that were committed long before this law was adopted and come into force. Additionally, it provides no time limit on which to file a case after it occurs, thereby eliminating loopholes within the act (Ellyn 15). To this effect, a court in addressing oppression in minority has power to overrule the decision and transaction undertaken by the company, and among other things enforce acts as contained in oppressive law remedy . However the complainant as pertains to oppressive remedy must be able to provide sufficient evidence that proves the company directives or its subsidiaries and affiliates resulted in its oppression, or in the manner in which directors of the company exercised their power (Ellyn 15). The court in oppressive remedy arbitration has the only mandate to determine if oppression occurred to minority party, in so doing; it will disregard actions done in good faith by management in implementing decisions, which can be used as mitigation by the accused. This leeway forms the hallmark in oppressive remedy cases arbitration (Ellyn 15). The court requires that the plaintiff express reasonable expectations while instigating cases, what it calls legitimate expectation of a shareholder in line with oppressive remedy act. Legitimate expectation in this case refers to valid expected outcomes as provided in the company acts and provisions, and based on general trends of the company. This means while instituting a case the claimant should without prejudice seek to address valid issues as contained in companies statutes and memorandum of understanding, which is left for the court to decide. This in essence limits the arbitration redress that is sought to what the court consider legitimate expectations (Ellyn 17). However, unlike derivative action, oppressive remedy provides broad spectrum of ruling that might be sought by plaintiff under this act to include such actions like order to seek an appointment of receiver manager, amendment of company act, appointment of addition directors, orders to seek closure of a company, or suspend company transactions. The court can also award payment and provision of legal fees to the plaintiff if it is sought in the dispute (Ellyn 17). Oppression remedy like, in derivative action provides for proper person to seek a court redress from a company where injustice is committed against. Such circumstances are provided for in the oppression remedy act whereby a creditor or employees sue as proper person. This is allowed when it is shown that the directors of a company engage in illegal activities through the company or where there is contravention of rights to a person by the company (Ellyn 17). Preference of Derivative Action  According to Griggs in the article Statutory Derivative Action, The corporations Act 2001, explains that Derivative action provides shareholders with an avenue to seek redress against company directors based on contravention of companies act and existing memorandum between corporation and shareholders. It allows the plaintiff to seek legal intervention on any company transactions. The underlying conditions of this act require that the plaintiff be able to prove to the court that the management has no freewill to institute any proceedings on itself. The issue under arbitration must be shown to be in the best interest of the company at large and done out of good faith by the plaintiff. The characteristic feature of derivative action as discussed in Griggs work, Statutory Derivative Action, is that it can cause a third party that has no vested interests to cause legal intercept on behalf of a second party that is disadvantaged by lack of will of corporation to act in favour of the second party. Therefore the derivative action provides counter measures of regulating the company’s managerial decisions that are deemed excessive. In the same article by Griggs, derivative action acts provides circumstances under which a suit related to it can be instigated. Unlike in oppressive remedy, the conditions which allow a suit to occur are limited in order to protect the independence of corporation to carry out their mandate and prevent unnecessary litigations. The derivative action is especially relevant when the subjects of the suit are board of directors that are found to be in contravention of a company policy. It is obvious the directors cannot have free will to institute litigation upon themselves. In total, derivative action litigation require the plaintiff to prove that management actions constitutes a fraud to the company or the minority, or there is intrusion on shareholder rights, or an action done by management is deemed as ultra vires in the company acts. Victory Rates of Oppressive Remedy In execution of oppressive remedy arbitration, the court only purpose is to analyze evidence and determine if actually any oppression took place to the minority party, while disregarding purported or otherwise good faith of the management in implementing decisions, which can be used as mitigation by the accused. This leeway forms the hallmark in oppressive remedy cases arbitration and largely determines the victory of a law suit (Ellyn 15). The litigations brought on oppressive remedy require the claimant to provide the court with just sufficient indication that there was cause for oppression to occur. This provides the plaintiff with an edge of favourable ruling over the defender since the burden of proof required is minimal. This characteristic should be a consideration when instituting litigation which requires high burden of proof for achieving conviction (Ellyn 22). Finally suit brought about in oppressive remedy must conform to the general requirements of this act as provided in this law.

Julius Caesar Essay: Brutus as the Tragic Hero -- Julius Caesar Essays

Brutus as the Tragic Hero of Julius Caesar  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare’s tragedy, Julius Caesar, displays Brutus as a tragic hero, blinded loyalty and devotion. Brutus's heroic belief of honor and virtue was so powerful that it drove him to perform villainous actions and lead to his destruction. The tragic hero is "presented as a person neither entirely good nor entirely evil, who is led by some tragic flaw to commit an act that results in suffering and utter defeat." (Morner, Kathleen & Rausch, Ralph. 1991, Pg. #227) Brutus was guided by his firm decrees of honor, yet he was unconsciously hypocritical. He praised himself for refusing bribes and not acquiring money through dishonest means, "For I can raise no money by vile means" (Act IV Scene iii) yet he rebuked Cassius for refusing to share with him his own fraudulent gains. He strove for uprightness using dishonest and corrupt ways to accomplish his supposed morals. In Julius Caesar, Cassius approached Brutus with the idea of assassinating Caesar. Cassius needed Brutus because of his renowned heroic qualities. He used Brutus as an insurance policy, declaring "Brutus shall lead, and we will grace his heels with the most boldest and best hearts of Rome." (Act III, Scene i) Cassius lead him to fear Caesar is too ambitious and despotic. This forced Brutus to come to the conclusion that Caesar's death is the only way to solve Rome's problem. "And therefore think him as a serpent's egg, Which hatched would, as his kind, grow mischievous, And kill him in the shell." (Act II, Scene i) Brutus believed that this is for Rome's own good, "not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more." (Act III, Scene ii) Cassius manipulated Brutus into thinking that he must eliminate C... ...and devotion destroyed him. The greatest good in this tragic hero lead him to the wickedest evil. Works Cited http://student.cscc.edu/ENGL/Engl264/traglex.htm. Shakespearean Tragedy. 11-29-99. Yahoo. Bloom, Harold. William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. Chelsea House Publisher; Connecticut, New York, & Pennsylvania. 1988, Pg. #33 - 36 Boyce, Charles. Shakespeare A to Z. Roundtable Press, Inc.; New York. 1990, Pg. #78 - 80 Durband, Alan. Shakespeare Made Easy: Julius Caesar. Barron's Educational Series, Inc.; New York. 1985. Ludowyk, E.F.C. Understanding Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press; New York. 1962, Pg. #184 - 187 Morner, Kathleen & Rausch, Ralph. NTC's Dictionary of Literary Terms. National Textbook Company; Illinois. 1991, Pg. #225 - 227 Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Dover Publications, Inc.; New York. 1991.   

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development Essay

1. Carl Roger’s Humanistic theory is based upon the idea that everyone has the potential to make a contribution to society and be a good and likeable person if his or her needs are fulfilled. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers led the humanistic theory movement and it was Maslow who developed the â€Å"pyramid of needs†. Sigmund Freud’s Humanistic theory is based upon the idea that everyone has the potential to make a contribution to society and be a good and likeable person – if their needs are fulfilled. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers led the humanistic theory movement and it was Maslow who developed the â€Å"pyramid of needs†. Sigmund Freud believed that people have three levels of awareness, which are the conscious, preconscious, and the unconscious. Freud developed a detailed theory on how our own thoughts and feelings affect our actions. It is known as Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory. 2. The five basic traits that most describe differences in personality are Neuroticism – A tendency to easily experience unpleasant emotions such as anxiety, anger, or depression. Extroversion – Energy, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others. Agreeableness – A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Conscientiousness – A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement. Openness to experience appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, and unusual ideas, imaginative and curious. Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order. Instead of focusing on sexual development, however, he was interested in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. He saw personality as developing throughout the lifetime and looked at identity crises at the focal point for each stage of human development. These eight stages were Trust Versus Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativist vs. Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs. Despair.

Marx and Weber’s Theories of Class Structure in Modern Society Essay

Karl Marx has given us the most influential overview of how industrialization has affected the modern social formations. According to his industrialization gave us two new classes, which had evolved from the old feudal society. The bourgeoisie and the proletariat (Bradley, 2006: 134-135). The bourgeoisie in England, the new economically dominant class. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, they tried to strengthen its social and political power. At the local level, they obtained the power in many villages, especially north of the country. They did this through by starting schools and leisure facilities to the people. At the national level, they tried to challenge the old power group, the aristocracy. With the political reforms they tried to take from them the benefits they had gained through having had the political power. Especially important was the fact that, corn law that kept the price of agricultural commodities artificially high, and thus protected landowners from the free market, was abolished. In political terms, was not dissolved landowner class, but the bourgeoisie was to share power with them (Bradley, 2006: 135). Proletariat or working class, is the second class in modern society formations, according to Marx. Deprived of the opportunity to produce their own livelihoods, they were forced to sell all they possess, their labor, in order to survive. According to Marx, the relationship between these classes both that they were dependent on each other and hostile to each other. Workers needed for the bourgeoisie to find them work, and the bourgeoisie needed workers for a profit. But the relationship was an inherent conflict because of the exploitative nature of these financial arrangements contained (Bradley, 2006: 135). Like many other community comments from the nineteenth century, Marx thought that the pay no workers were paid, did not represent the value of the goods they created through their work. Through parts of their working hours, a worker producing goods corresponding to a value of their existence will cost. The rest of their working time, the goods they produce, represent additional value. Parts of this value was taken by the bourgeoisie, in the form of profit. It can be argued that the bourgeoisie, to take a risk nvestments and take the initiative to create jobs, deserve the profits. It is an important argument used by many today. Marx, however, believes that there are workers whose work produces goods that are entitled to these profits. But the payroll system, where you get paid a day’s job, not based on the effort you put down, hides the fact that the workers are taken from the profits of their work. This was what Marx meant by the exploitative nature of these financial arrangements contained. It was also in the interests of the bourgeoisie and increase their profits, to either cut the salaries of workers or get them to increase their production, without getting a higher salary (Bradley, 2006: 135-136). Marx believed that when the working class began to understand how they were exploited, and saw how unfair the system was, they would try to change it. They shared experiences and awareness of exploitation will be the basis for a whole class, which will stand up and dissolution of this economic system, replacing it with a fairer system where workers controlled the profits (Bradley, 2006. 36). Marx recognized the existence of multiple classes of society, but they seemed unimportant compared to the great struggle for power that we have described over here. Max Weber, however, wrote about the social importance of what are now described as the new middle class. These are variations of the groups of officials, from office workers to teachers, and leaders. Weber noted that the large growth of bureaucracy, led to a high increase in this new middle class. As the working class, this class was also quite maktlos, in the fact that they owned what they produced, but had to sell his own labor. Yet they received higher social benefits than the working class, and was thus placed in a situation of competition and rivalry with them. Weber believed, along with many other sociologists, that the growth of this new middle class would block the working class would rise up against the bourgeoisie (Bradley, 2006: 136). Weber’s concept of classes avveik from Marx on other important areas. While he acknowledged that there were important divisions in society between the classes of property and the propertyless, Weber believed that there were large differ even within these groups. Not only was it than the gap between the working and middle class, as described here, but also within classes. These divisions were created by the market that rewarded groups differ in terms of what skills they had. Scholars workers were more appreciated than the unlearned, because of their experience and training. The middle class had different groupings varying levels of qualifications, education, and training to offer. Within classes of property, there were also divisions between groups with according to what kind of property they possessed. While Marx’s exploitation theory and class conflict, he was to highlight the potential for unity between the two major classes, was Weber’s emphasis on the shared roles in the market resulted in his views on different groups within classes, that they existed in a climate of rivalry with each other. The conflict was as great within the classes as between the different classes (Bradley, 2006: 136-137). This effect was reinforced, according to Weber, because the economic conditions within the classes was further complicated by two other overlapping sources of social divisions, namely Weber call status and party affiliation. Differences in status refers to the different amount of prestige or social position held by different groups. Weber argued that the different status within the working class, working against Marx’s theory of a combined class that would stand against the bourgeoisie. Finally, Weber believed that the parties and other political organizations would go across class and status divisions in its membership, as they sought to mobilize the power to get to meet the interests of its members. On this basis, Weber produced a model of community formation that was more complex than Marx’s polar model (Bradley, 2006: 137). If you look at history at the beginning of the nineteenth century, it is more like speaking in relation to Marx’s model, than Weber. The period between 1780 to 1840 was a time of constant upheaval, in which workers fought against the new industrial system and tribulations, and poverty that industrialization brought with it. There were food shortages, hundreds of strikes and demonstrations in the industrialized areas. These riots led to political reforms such as voting rights for all men. But most riots were ocal and small scale, reflecting the fact that industrialization was a rough prosesss, which took different forms and occurred at varying speeds around. Which meant that workers were in rebellion against a seat, was not a problem elsewhere (Bradley, 2006: 137-138). As an introduction to the Communist Manifesto Karl Marx wrote the text and civil proletarian. In this text Marx portrays class organization in modern society. Out of the feudal ruin, developed the modern bourgeois society itself. This happened without the class divisions that existed in the society was abolished. In this new modern bourgeois society, new classes were inserted in place of the old, it was added to the new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle between classes. The change that stands out in this era, as the bourgeois era, however, is that it has simplified class antagonisms. The whole society sharing more and more into two great hostile camps, two classes that are directly against each other: bourgeoisie and proletariat. Large industry has created the world market that had been prepared by the discovery of America. The world market has made trade, shipping and transport across an immense development. This has again appeared back on the industry distribution, and to the same extent that the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital and it needed all the classes that came from the Middle Ages in the background. Thus we see how the modern bourgeoisie is itself a product of a long development, a series of upheavals in the mode of production and communication conditions. The bourgeoisie has not drunk during this century they have had class domination, created a more comprehensive, colossal productive forces than all preceding generations together. Subjugation of natural forces, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, shipping traffic, railways electric tickers, cultivation of whole continents, rivers made navigable, whole populations stamped out of the earth – what earlier century knew that such production forces hidden in society’s womb . The most important prerequisite for citizenship class existence and domination is that wealth accumulate in private hands, that capital formation and increased; condition for capital is wage labor. Employment depends solely on the competition the workers hemselves. Progress in the industry, that the bourgeoisie will-less and without resistance the carrier, leading to a revolutionary union of workers of associations rather than their division by mutual competition. With great industrial development thus loses the bourgeoisie itself the basis on which it produces and appropriates products. It produces mainly his own executioner. Bourgeoisie doom and victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable (Englestad, 1992: 235-243). Max Weber’s theories of social classes, is seen as the main alternative to Marx. Weber takes, like Marx, based on the economic conditions. But unlike Marx, Weber adds not only focus on the relationship between employers and employees, but several types of economic relations. As the basic class relationship Weber looks at Community in living conditions and life chances. This allows, for example, under certain historical conditions, creditors and debtors constitute classes in line with workers and employers (Englestad, 1992: 221). Weber parts Marx’s view that capitalism is a distinctive and hoyviktig event in Western society. But he does not share Marx’s view that the bourgeoisie will lose in the class struggle and class struggle that will create conditions for a society without classes. He looks instead at the â€Å"citizen† as the embodiment of a particular type of action, the purpose of rational action – a type of action that would overcome the national figure of history. The centralized socialist â€Å"bureaucracy† will also be an objective rational character or social position. However, this role will mean less freedom for the individual, and socialist planned economy would threaten society with tilstivning. Max Weber defeated why socialism and the beginnings of a political revolution in Germany in the last years of his life, because he preferred a civil society (Osterberg, 1984: 103-104). Marx believes that capitalism has led to a system where those who have much, the citizen will receive more, while those who have little, the worker will receive less. He believed that this was a system that the worker would not find themselves in, and therefore rebel against the bourgeois. Weber, however, was not so concerned about how the system could be changed. He was ore concerned with finding out why capitalism has evolved as it has done in the West. Marx sees the citizen as a tyrant utilization above the worker. This new social class utilizes the community for their own growth. Citizen control means of production, and to use them, he needs to buy labor from workers. The citizen does not work and even sympathize not with worker. Borg’s only interaction with the worker is when he goes around and complain that the worker is not working hard enough. The worker who does all the work but where is the citizen who has all the benefits. Marx wanted the worker’s revolution to create a society where everyone is equal and care about everyone’s welfare. Capitalism has no thoughts of a common welfare and does not care about the individual, only the capital and production. Here, Weber disagreed. He believed that the growth of capitalism, was a result of what he calls the Protestant ethic. Marx believes that the capitalist boss is lazy and demanding, does not match this with Weber’s view. Because of the Protestant ethic, he could not sit and pretend to, because it would be a sin. This meant that they would stand to work out of reverence to God. This is what Weber believes is the reason for the growth of capitalism. As capitalism grew up and the economy improved, they would continually reinvest their income. They worked hard and instead of using up what they earned with the same, one would set it aside. The continuous work ethic was a result of the belief that God wanted that to work, and working hard was hoping more to get to heaven. Weber believed that the Christian citizen would work hard for the income he received. Working for God’s glory, and the more successful you are, the more one is priced of God.

Values in King Lear

Values in King Lear King Lear can be valued in different ways and for different reasons. The story of King Lear encompasses many different ideas and themes pertaining to the central and sub plots. Whilst there are many different ways of reading Shakespeare's King Lear there are three prevalent readings in which to observe the main idea's put across. These readings are a family reading, a nihilistic reading and a Christian reading. There are three main scenes wherein these readings are portrayed. Fundamental themes in King Lear include justice, authority versus chaos, reconciliation.A family reading focuses mainly on relationships between characters and the individual psyches in comparison with each other. King Lear starts his tragedy by trying to quantify the love of his three daughters " Which of you shall we say doth love us most. That we our largest bounty may extend.""Love is whatever you can still betray. Betrayal can only happen if you love."English: A cartoon version of King Lear by William...

Connective Adverbs However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless

Connective Adverbs However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless However, nevertheless, and nonetheless convey the same unexpected result. However, nevertheless and nonetheless are more formal and are usually used only in writing. These words are known as connective adverbs. In other words, they introduce an idea that connects to the preceding sentence. Example Sentences Were having difficulties with the project. Nevertheless, well finish on time.Weve been working hard all week. However, well have to continue next week as well. Sometimes its difficult to know whether to use a perfect form (Hes lived here for three years) or the progressive perfect form (Hes been working for three hours). Find out when to use either form in the past, present or future. Speaking English is not only about using proper grammar. To use American English effectively, you need to understand the culture in which it is spoken. Here are a number of important tips to remember when speaking English in the United States.

Ethical issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Ethical issues - Essay Example This principle is considerate of the existing laws in a society with the aim of ensuring harmonious coexistence among members of a society. An ethical decision under ethical formalism would therefore be focused on the motive behind an act. Utilitarianism, another ethical principal in judgment, focuses, on the contrary, to the consequences of an act as opposed to the intention of the defendant. This principle goes beyond an individual defendant to consider the effects of the defendant’s actions on the society. Based on the principle, decisions should be made with considerations of future impacts of the case on the society with preference being to ensure maximum happiness among every member of the society (Pollock, 2011). The case involves two defendants suspected of burglary. Utilitarianism will be the most suitable ethical principle in this scenario. This is because the defendants are a possible threat to the society and the impact of their suspected crime together with their future existence in the society is more significant as compared to their intentions for committing the alleged crime and during

Cultural issues in management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cultural issues in management - Essay Example Key issues in International HRM In the contemporary environment of competitive business, expanding business must understand the changing socio-cultural background of the country, where one needs to establish the business interests. Social scientists assert that national cultures are vital elements that determine the negotiator’s assumptions and help evolve business strategy based on behavioral pattern (Cohen, 2004; Rubin & Sander, 1991). China has a culturally distinct economy. The socio-cultural value systems are vastly different and business practices are very sensitive to behavioural pattern and intrinsically linked to their socio-cultural value system. Dowling et al (1999) argue that Chinese socio-political and cultural environment is complex, especially as Chinese nationalism remains key obstacle for foreign firms and poses serious challenge to their IHRM. Many scholars strongly support use of local talent and resources as important part of joint ventures that promote loc al economy as people prefer to deal with local professionals rather than expatriate managers (Schuler, 2001; Poole, 1999). This is a highly pertinent issue for foreign firms as they tend to spend huge amount on training and cross-cultural adjustments. There is lot of conflict if the expatriate manager tries to impose his/her own values on the local people. Chinese culture promotes ‘guanxi’, a shared language and a shared culture, where Chinese employees prefer to interact with people who are well versed in their language and culture (Dunning & Kim, 2007; Chen & Starosta, 1998). Thus, IHRM has huge responsibility vis-a-vis managing its human resources and optimizing performances when their business has to be conducted with Chinese, within or outside China. The need to understand the Chinese...Microsoft’s HR strategies were highly creative which were able to exploit human competencies. It promoted a facilitating organization culture that emphasized cross-cultural u nderstanding, trust-building and mutual respect. Preparing cross cultural teams Microsoft promoted multicultural team. Microsoft’s success in China was mainly due to their understanding of Chinese culture and people which was exploited by the HR leadership. Negotiation Business negotiations are intrinsic part of corporate strategy which is designed to reduce conflicts and promote mutually satisfying partnership contract vis-Ã  -vis business goals, financial outcome, terms and conditions, scope etc. In international business across national borders, negotiations are sensitive issues due to different value system, socio-cultural perspective, currency, legal paradigms and market conditions. Culture is integral part of negotiation. Effective CI practices CI practices are intrinsic part of global business planning which rely on information gathering regarding various aspects of business in countries which are perceived to have huge potential for business expansion (Adidam et al, 2009). China, being a major developing economy with vast potential, is highly attractive for foreign businesses. IHRM practices must be dynamic for effective negotiation and running of businesses in countries like China which offers huge opportunities.

External Marketing Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

External Marketing Environment - Essay Example A firm is frequently oblivious to the factors that affect its future. A marketer can comprehend the marketing environment through conducting a marketing research. Acquaintance to the environment assists an organization to modify its promotional mix and recognize new opportunities. Lamb et al (2011, p. 110) cite economic, cultural and social, business, legal and political and demographic elements as the constituents of the external marketing environment. Economic Environment There is no more significant component in the external environment affecting marketing than the economic environment. Lamb noted that the affects the operation of a company on both at micro and macro levels. Micro-level refers to the individual company while the macro level implies the broader industry, country or international. i. Supply and Demand When there is the absence of government intervention and control, supply and demand are the basic underlying forces of the economic dimension. Supply refers to the num ber of goods and services sellers and producers are willing to bring to the market at given prices at a given time (Lamb et al., 2011, p. 112). Demand, on the other hand, refers to the number of goods and services the buyers are willing to buy at a given price and time. ... When such a situation occurs, there is either a shortage or a surplus. In a competitive market structure, when a surplus or a shortage occurs, changes occur until equilibrium is restored. In the case of a surplus, the price is usually lowered to meet the demand level in the short run. In the long run, either the supply will decrease, as the quantities offered are decreased by some firms making production cuts or by other firms going out of business. When a shortage occurs, a company must carefully assess whether this condition id temporary or is actually a market need not being satisfied. ii. The Market and Exchange In every market economy there is a way for the market equilibrium price and quantity to be achieved. The mechanism for doing this by bridging the gap between supply and demand is the marketplace itself. Marketplace bridges the gap between what is produced and what is consumed, making the right quantity available to meet the market need (Lamb et al, 2011, p., 113) iii. Gen eral Economic Change The economic conditions in a country and the state of national economy change over time. Movements and fluctuations in the economy often follow patterns and have been described as business cycles (Lamb et al, 2011, p. 113). These cycles historically have consisted of four stages which include recession, prosperity, depression, and recovery. Cultural and social Environment In reference to Lamb et al (2011, p. 114), the cultural-social environment is replicated in the other four major environments external to the organization’s marketing mix.  

Cambridge Engineering Selector CES Computer Science Essay

Cambridge Engineering Selector CES Computer Science Essay In this particular assignment we are going to find the best material for a part of land-based gas turbine. For this research we are going to use the Cambridge Engineering Selector (CFS) software. We are going to find the manufacturing process. We are going to make a report by the help of CES software on eco-audit for the existing material and the material we choose. We have some information and data given by the company on the existing material. The component shows below is the part of the land-based gas turbine. j230comb Fig. 1 The part of land-based gas turbine It is made from Hastelloy X material which is a Nickel-Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum alloy. It has excellent strength and oxidation resistance. Its approximate chemical composition is Ni 47%, Cr 22%, Fe 18%, Mo 9%, and Co 1.5%. It has a good ductility thats why it can be forged and can be cold-worked. So this material is good for welding. The component has 0.75 m in diameter, 10 mm in thickness and 200 mm of depth. The component is on service for 10 years and need to be replaced. The component need to be operates on some require condition i.e. temperatures up to 800oC, good thermal shock and corrosion resistance. It should be capable of being manufactured by casting. By using the CES software we have to specify the manufacturing process. And if require we have to do coating to achieve the heat and corrosion resistance. We have some more data given which is Minimum Tensile Strength 300MPa, Has to operate above 550oC, Maximum thermal expansion 15 ÃŽ ¼ strain/o C, Minimum Yield Strength 300MPa. Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES) It is a software package which help designer to make decision over which materials and design process to use in the development of new equipment. We can use the CES software for general analysis and optimization applications by material universe data module. By the help of CES software we can design or redesign components with highest performance and lowest cost. CES software consists of three levels. Level 1 for Introductory-level students, providing introduction to the world of materials and processes and helping them to select the materials and processes with limited datasets of 67 materials and 75 processes. Level 2 for Intermediate-level students, providing the structured methodology for more materials and processes in the depth investigations with 98 materials and 107 processes with more information. Level 3 for Advanced/graduate students, providing the full materials and processes used in industry with added design notes with the vast selection of materials. In this particular level there are 3000 materials and more than 200 processes. CES software consists of the following main windows. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesmain windows of ces.jpg Fig. 2 CES main window Browse This window contains a list of the tables in the database and the classification tree for the selected table. Select This window is the central navigation point for selection projects, showing the selection settings, the project stages and the selection results. Search This window is used for text searches on records in the database. Graph Stage This window displays selection charts which show the relationships between attributes. Limit Stage This window is used to enter selection criteria as limits on individual attributes. Datasheet This window displays a list of attributes for individual records. There can be many of these on the screen at a time. As the requirement of the assignment, the company ask for the more efficient and economical material for the land-based gas turbine part. The part should be fulfilling the required properties and condition. For the particular material for the part of the land-based gas turbine, level three is reliable containing more than 3300 materials. In level three, by selection the select windows it will show the selection data. In selection data pane there is an option to select materials universe: all bulk materials. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesselestion atage all bulk materials.jpg Fig. 3 selection data pane (All bulk Materials) The selection Results contains a list of all of the records that have passed the selection stages. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of ces2945 materials.jpg Fig. 4 All bulk Materials Selection stage of CES 1. Selection with the TREE stage To create a new tree stage selects new tree stage from the select menu or the click the tree button. The tree stage properties will appear. For the project, the material for the part of land-based gas turbine should be metals and alloys, so insert it. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesfirst tree for metals and alloys.jpg Fig. 5 Tree stage (Metals and Alloys) In the Tree Stage window, for a single relationship, click the Show button. This opens the Cell Contents dialog, listing the names of records that fulfil the link selection criterion for the row. In the Cell Contents dialog, Click on a column heading to sort the list by record name C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of ces1607 materials.jpg Fig. 6 All Metals and Alloys By applying the condition of metals and alloys in this tree stage, it will show only the metals and alloys from all universe materials. 2. Selection by limit stage To create a limit stage, select new limit stage from select menu or click the limit button in the selection stages pane of the select window. A limit stage window will appear, and the stage will be listed in the selection stages pane. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesfirst limit.jpg Fig. 7 Limit selection stage Before we going to apply all the limits, lets check the requirements of the company. The company wants the part should be operate up to 800oC, so the maximum service temperature should be 800oC and it also require that it should be operate above 550oC so the minimum service temperature should be 550oC. The tensile strength and yield strength should be minimum 300 MPa. The Maximum thermal expansion should be not more than 15 ÃŽ ¼strain/ oC. However, the tensile strength and yield strength are mechanical properties and service temperature and thermal expansion are thermal properties of the material. Tensile strength: maximum load that a material can support without fracture when being stretched, divided by the original cross-sectional area of the material. Yield strength: The stress at the yield point. And the stress needed to produce a specified amount of plastic deformation. Thermal expansion: Increase in volume of a material as its temperature is increased, usually expressed as a fractional change in dimensions per unit temperature change. When the material is a solid, thermal expansion is usually described in terms of change in length, height, or thickness. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesapply limit mechanical properties.jpg Fig. 8 Applying Yield strength and Tensile strength C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesthermal limits.jpg Fig. 9 Applying service Temperature By applying the mechanical and thermal properties of material, it will show 171 materials which fulfil the conditions. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of ces171 materials.jpg Fig. 10 Metals and Alloys after applying mechanical and thermal properties Manufacturing process It is important to make the right manufacturing decisions early in the design process, before the cost-penalty of making changes becomes too high. The selection of the most appropriate manufacturing process of which there are a very large number is one such decision. Taking a broad view, a process is a method for shaping or finishing or joining a material (Esawi, 1997). The kingdom of processes contains broad families: casting, deformation, moulding, machining, compaction of powders, and such like. Each family contains many classes: casting contains sand-casting, die-casting, and investment casting, for instance. These in turn have many members: there are many variants of sand-casting, some specialized to give greater precision, others modified to allow exceptional size, and still others adapted to deal with specific materials. The land-based gas turbine should be capable of being manufactured by casting. By applying another tree stage for the manufacturing process in trees pane click on process universe and in shaping process, select the casting and insert it. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cestree manufacturing process.jpg Fig. 11 Tree stage for manufacturing process After applying the casting limit to the materials selected, its eliminated all the materials which can be shaped by casting. There are only 67 materials left. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of ces67 materials after casting.jpg Fig. 12 Materials which can be shaped by casting As the company requirement the material should be half or less price than the original material. It is made of Hastelloy X material which is one the alloy of Ni-Cr alloy group. The Hastelloy X materials cost is 15.7- 17.3 GBP/kg. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of ceshastelloy x.jpg Fig. 13 Hastelloy X materials details By applying the graph for the price for the selected materials. The existing material price is 15.7- 17.3 GBP/kg and the requirement is the half and less than the existing price. By the help of the selection box its easy to eliminate the expensive materials from the graph. Selecting the materials from less than 9 GBP/kg by the help of selection box. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesprice graph.jpg Fig. 14 The bar chart of selected material with price After applying the condition of price, there are only 11 materials left. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of ces11 materials.jpg Fig. 15 Materials selected after the condition of price Esawi, A. M. K. and Ashby M. F., Computer-Based Selection of Manufacturing Processes, Cambridge University Engineering Dept Report, CUED/C-EDC/TR50, May 1997.